刑事侦查阶段证据搜集的若干问题研究
从我国的司法体制建立开始，证据在案件的发展过程中都承担着重要的角色和地位，从开始的若干条例到现在证据种类的细分，证据在司法体系的完整，体制的健全和完全都说明在当今的司法活动中都应该以事实为证据，以法律为准绳作为审判依据。证据事实从公安机关立案侦查到审判阶段一直贯穿于整个司法活动当中，对公诉人，审判人员，被告人以及辩护律师都有着很重要的意义，不仅起到公平正义的作用，更是起到正确保护人权和公民的正确利益。从刑事角度来说，国内外的宗旨都是保护当事人的合法权益和自身安全，现如今的司法实践当中侦查活动的证据与公诉活动要求的证据要求相差很大，所以接近70％的案件都回退回补充侦查或者自行侦查，所以立足于国内外的背景和环境，对我国刑事侦查阶段中出现的问题进行了观察和分析。
本文主要从刑事侦查阶段对证据的搜集方面研究证据对司法活动带来的问题和思考，分为五个部分。第一部分，从证据基础制度概述入手，分析了证据基础制度的概念、证据类别包括了学理分类种类分类。第二部分为，侦查阶段中证据的搜集方式及原则，即对及时性原则、高效性原则、收集方法、搜集范围等进行了分析。第三部分为我国公安机关证据搜集阶段的现状及问题分析，指出了公安机关在进行搜证的过程中，存在着公民的隐私权和侦查工作的矛盾冲突、工作人员匹配不协调、电子数据搜集设备和技术人员缺少专业性、侦查技术条件落后、部门之间工作合作协调性差的问题。第四部分作为文章的重点部分，结合了回溯推理思想，对其在对刑事案件中证据收集的作用进行分析，并且运用了相关的三件案例，充分地表明了回溯推理思维在搜证过程中的重要性，其能够引导搜证人员进一步接近真相，拨开迷雾。最后一部分，提出了完善我国刑事侦查证据搜集的建议，如：加强取证阶段中对证人的保护、正确处理公民隐私权与侦查工作的冲突等，希望本文的研究能够为公安机关的搜证工作起到一定的参考作用。
关键词：证据；司法改革；基础原则；证据运行；回溯推理
Research on several problems of evidence collection in criminal investigation
From the beginning of China’s judicial system is established, the development process of evidence in the case of all plays an important role and status, from the beginning to the present Regulations of several types of evidence of subdivision, evidence in the judicial system, the sound system and all that move should provide evidence to the fact that in today’s judicial work and take the law as the criterion as the basis for trial. Evidence from the police investigation into the stage of the trial has been throughout the judicial activities, the trial of the prosecutor, who is of very important significance to the defendant and defense counsel, not only plays a role of fairness and justice, is to protect human rights and interests right of citizens. From the perspective of criminal purpose, at home and abroad is to protect the legitimate rights and interests of the parties and their own safety, the judicial practice is now nearly 70% of the cases to the supplemental investigation or the investigation itself, so based on the domestic and foreign background and environment, appeared on the stage of criminal investigation in the problems were observed and analyzed.
This article mainly from the criminal investigation stage of the collection of evidence research evidence on the judicial activities of the problems and thinking, divided into five parts. The first part analyzes the concept of evidence base system from the outline of evidence foundation system, and the classification of evidence includes classification of academic classification. The second part is the collection method and principle of evidence in the investigation stage, that is, the principle of timeliness, the principle of high efficiency, the collection method, the collection scope and so on. The third part is the analysis of the status quo and problems of the evidence collection stage of the public security organs in our country. It points out that there are contradictions and conflicts between the privacy right and the investigation work of the public security organs in the process of collecting the evidence, the staff matching is not coordinated, the electronic data collection Equipment and technical personnel lack of professionalism, the investigation of technical conditions behind the poor coordination between the work of the problem between departments. The fourth part, as the key part of the article, combines the thought of retrospective reasoning, analyzes its role in the collection of evidence in criminal cases, and uses the relevant three cases to show that retrospective reasoning is The importance of its ability to guide the search staff to further close the truth, poke the fog. In the last part, the author puts forward the suggestions to improve the collection of criminal investigation evidence in China, such as strengthening the protection of witnesses in the stage of forensic evidence, correctly handling the conflict between citizens’ right of privacy and investigation, and hope that the research of this article can be carried out for the public security organs To a certain reference role.
Keywords: Evidence；Gudicial reform； Basic principles；Evidence operation； Backtracking reasoning
目录
一 证据基础制度概述
（一）证据基础制度的概念
（二）证据类别
1、学理分类
2、种类分类
二 侦查阶段中证据的搜集方式及原则
（一）及时性原则
（二）高效性原则
（三）收集方法
（四）搜集范围
三 公安机关证据搜集阶段的现状及问题分析
（一）公民的隐私权和侦查工作之间出现了矛盾冲突
（二）工作人员匹配不协调
（三）电子数据搜集设备和技术人员缺少专业性
（四）侦查技术条件落后
（五）部门之间工作合作协调性差
四 回溯推理思想对刑事案件中证据收集的作用
（一）回溯推理的含义及特点
1、回溯推理具有逆向性
2、回溯推理是以已知的事实为前提的推理
3、回溯推理是借助事物之间的相关性而进行的推理
4、回溯推理是必然性的推理
（二）回溯推理思想在刑事侦查搜集证据中的运用
1.王姓男子被杀案
2.张某女儿被烧至死案
3.李某被杀案
五 完善我国刑事侦查证据搜集的建议
（一）加强取证阶段中对证人的保护
（二）正确处理公民隐私权与侦查工作的冲突
（三）充分利用电子技术，完善数据侦查的专业性
（四）完善奖励机制，提高工作效率
结 语
参考文献
致谢
