城市规划进程中失地农民就业研究——以辽宁省铁岭市为例
摘要
失地农民作为我国城市化进程中所产生的必然的现象，随着我国近年来房地产市场的持续发展以及房价的持续走高，政府为了提高政绩效益，积极发展城市经济对大片的土地进行征收与规划，这也导致了近年来我国失地农民人数的进一步的增加。截止至2009年，我够目前累计的失地农民已经高达4000万—5000万，已成为很庞大的社会群体，其中完全失去土地、没有工作的农民至少在1000万人以上，占失地农民的20％。虽然相关政府考虑到失地农民再就业的困难以及土地对其的重要性，在补偿标准方面一再的提高，但是由于农民天生靠土地为生，缺乏在城市工作中生存的相关技能，因此许多的失地农民在较长一段时间内往往无法找到合适的工作。并且由于美国金融危机之后，我国众多的出口加工企业以及劳动密集型行业这些在过去是失地农民就业的主要企业的业绩与效益的不断下降，这也进一步加剧了我国失地农民的数量以及再就业的难度。
失地农民作为我国社会的特殊群体，他们为我们的国家的经济建设付出了巨大的代价，但是因为我国目前的经济建设发展的不平衡使得许多的失地农民无法得到有效的补偿与再就业的帮助和培训，如此庞大的失业群体不仅会对社会的稳定、地区的治安以及国家经济发展带来巨大的影响，更会使我国城市化进程的速率放缓，降低我国向工业化改革步伐的迈进。因此，如何切实有效的指导、引导失地农民就业，帮助其真正的能够在摆脱失去土地之后的自食其力则变得至关重要。
鉴于此，本文通过对辽宁省各个市区的走访，通过实地调查与研究这些地区的失地农民就业中所遇到的问题以及政府在安置失地农民时所采取的相关措施，以铁岭市为主要研究对象，探究一条能够有效安置这一特殊群体的切实有效的方法。笔者认为政府除合理予以货币补偿外，还应考虑失地农民的长远利益，不单单是一次性的土地出让，这样往往会造成失地农民在失去土地之后面临巨大的生活与就业压力，并且由于未来生活的没有保障，对政府的土地征收产生抵触情绪，不利于铁岭市未来的城市规划也城市化进程的推行。各级政府可拿出一部分土地出让金，专门用于失地农民的定期再就业培训。同时建立完善的社会医疗以及失业保障机制，保证失地农民的就业、医疗问题，帮助农民迅速找到一份合适的工作，提升农民的专业技能素质，有效的利用好如此庞大的剩余劳动力，让他们真真切切的发挥不同个人的技能水平，只有这样才能真正解决失地农民问题让他们真正适应城市中的生活，让农民在失去土地之后依然能够比较安定的生活，从而真正促进社会和谐与稳定，加快我国城市化进程的发展速率，为我国未来的发展与进步奠定良好的基础。
关键词：失地农民；农民就业；城市化进程；铁岭市
Abstract
Lost territory farmer as our country city in the process of the inevitable phenomenon in China in recent years, with the sustainable development of real estate market and housing prices continued to rise, the government in order to improve the performance efficiency, the positive development of city economy on large tracts of land for collection and planning, which also causes in China in recent years the number of landless lost territory farmer to further increase. As of 2009, I have enough current total of lost territory farmer has high amounts to 40000000 – 50000000, had become very large social groups, which completely lost land farmer, do not work at least above 10000000 people, accounting for 20% of lost territory farmer. Although the related government considering again the difficulty of obtain employment of lost territory farmer and land to its importance in the compensation standard, has been repeatedly rise, but because the farmer is born on land to make a living, lack of work in the city of survival skills, so many lost territory farmer over an extended period of time are often unable to find suitable work. And because the United States after the financial crisis, many of China’s export processing enterprises and labor intensive industry in the past is the obtain employment of lost territory farmer major corporate performance and efficiency decreases, which is further aggravate our country the number of landless Lost territory farmer and again the difficulty of obtain employment.
Landless Lost territory farmer in China as a special social group, they are our economic construction of the country to pay the huge price, but because of our country’s current economy construction develops is lopsided make many lost territory farmer cannot get effective compensation and employment assistance and training, so huge unemployment population not only to the society stability of law and order in the region, as well as national economic development brings the huge influence, will make our country city changes process rate slowdown, reduce our country to industrialized reform step forward. Therefore, how to effectively guide, guide the employment of landless farmers, help to get rid of the lost land of support oneself become crucial.
In view of this, this article through to the Liaoning province each city to visit, through field investigation and study of these areas of employment of landless farmers problems encountered and government in the resettlement of landless Lost territory farmer has taken relevant measures, taking Tieling city as the main research object, to explore a effective placement of this special group of effective method of. The author thinks the government except reasonable to monetary compensation, should also consider the long-term interests of landless Lost territory farmer, is not only a one-time transfer, this often leads to lost territory farmer after losing their land faces huge life and employment pressure, and as a result of future life does not have safeguard, the government’s land expropriation conflicted emotions, not conducive to Tieling city of the future city planning and process of implementation. Governments at all levels can be a portion of land leasing, specifically for the landless lost territory farmer regularly re-employment training. At the same time, the establishment of a sound social medical and unemployment insurance, guarantee of peasant’s employment, medical problems, help farmer to quickly find a suitable job, enhance the farmers’ professional skills, effective use of such a huge surplus labor force, so they really play a different individual skill level, the only way to be truly solved problem of lost territory farmer really make them adapt to city life, let a farmer after losing their land can still relatively stable life, so as to promote social harmony and stability, accelerate our country city to change a process development rate, for China ‘s future development and progress to lay a good foundation.
Key words: Lost territory farmer; farmers’ employment; city to change process; Tieling City
目 录
第一章 导论……………………………………………………………………………………………………………1
1.1 研究意义……………………………………………………………………………………………………………1
1.2 研究背景……………………………………………………………………………………………………………2
1.3 文献综述……………………………………………………………………………………………………………2
1.3.1再就业的意义描述……………………………………………………………………………..2
1.3.2影响失地农民再就业的因素分析……………………………………………………………..3
1.3.3解决失地农民就业的主要措施…………………………………………………………………………3
1.4 研究方法……………………………………………………………………………………………………………4
1.5 研究内容……………………………………………………………………………………………………………4
第二章 铁岭市失地农民再就业现状…………………………………………………………………………..6
2.1 概述……………………………………………………………………………………………………………6
2.2 失地农民再就业的特点…………………………………………………………………………….7
2.2.1失地农民再就业率普遍较低…………………………………………………………………………….7
2.2.2失地农民再就业领域窄…………………………………………………………………………….8
2.2.3失地农民再就业收入低…………………………………………………………………………….9
2.2.4失地农民再就业满意度不高…………………………………………………………………………….9
第三章 铁岭市失地农民再就业目前存在的主要问题………………………………………………..10
3.1再就业率不高…………………………………………………………………………….10
3.2再就业层次低…………………………………………………………………………….10
3.3再就业收入不高…………………………………………………………………………….10
第四章 铁岭市失地农民目前再就业难的原因………………………………………11
4.1 农民职业技能不高…………………………………………………………………………….11
4.2 就业期望过高…………………………………………………………………………….11
4.3 社会对农民还存在部分偏见…………………………………………………………………………….12
4.4 子女求学等配套保障不够…………………………………………………………………………….13
4.5相关法律法规不完善…………………………………………………………………………….14
4.6本身技能与当地产业结构脱轨…………………………………………………………………………….14
第五章 政府采取的主要措施…………………………………………………………………………….15
5.1 鼓励自主创业…………………………………………………………………………….15
5.1.1 法律法规指导…………………………………………………………………………….15
5.1.2加大金融支持力度法律法规指导……………………………………………………………………15
5.1.3开展有针对性的创业培训…………………………………………………………………………….16
5.1.4 提供优惠政策，合理引导创业…………………………………………………………………………16
5.2 回迁补偿…………………………………………………………………………….17
5.3 优先提供就业岗位…………………………………………………………………………….18
第六章 解决失地农民就业的对策与建议…………………………………………………………………19
6.1 强化职业培训………………………………………………………………..19
6.1.1影响失地农民就业培训的因素………………………………………………………………..19
6.1.2失地农民就业培训需求分析………………………………………………………………..19
6.1.3健全失地农民培训的相关法律法规………………………………………………………………..20
6.1.4培训经费的有效使用与筹措………………………………………………………………..20
6.1.5失地农民就业培训的类型及方式………………………………………………………………..21
6.2 积极引导就业观念………………………………………………………………..21
6.2.1引导失地农民进入与农业相关产业………………………………………………………………21
6.2.2帮助失地农民以多样化方式灵活就业……………………………………………………………..22
6.3 形成良好社会舆论…………………………………………………………………………….22
6.4 完善配套保障………………………………………………………………..22
6.4.1建立失地农民养老保障制度………………………………………………………………..22
6.4.2建立健全医疗保险制度………………………………………………………………..23
6.4.3完善现有就业信息服务网络………………………………………………………………..23
6.4.4加强失地子女的教育培训………………………………………………………………..24
第七章 结论与展望…………………………………………………………………………….25
7.1 结论…………………………………………………………………………….25
7.2 展望…………………………………………………………………………….26
参考文献…………………………………………………………………………….27
